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Midterms and Mandates : Electoral Reassessment of Presidents and Parties
Midterm elections have forced presidents to adjust course, reshaped their relationship with the party they lead, and heralded the rise or fall of new electoral coalitions.This book presents a fresh perspective on the American presidency by analysing how midterms modify in crucial ways the mandate that a president gained at the time of their election to the White House.Midterms not only provide an important opportunity for voters to evaluate the record of a president so far, but also have consequences for an administration's pursuit of the president's agenda over the two years that follow.Bringing together political scientists and historians, this collection presents a multidisciplinary understanding of the interplay between midterm elections and the American presidency.Patrick Andelic is Senior Lecturer in American History at Northumbria University.
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What are overhang mandates and compensatory mandates?
Overhang mandates refer to the situation where a political party wins more seats in an election than it would be entitled to based on its share of the vote. This can happen when a party wins a large number of constituency seats but a smaller share of the overall vote. Compensatory mandates are additional seats allocated to other parties in order to balance out the overhang mandates and ensure that the overall distribution of seats in the legislature reflects the proportion of votes each party received. These mandates are used in some electoral systems to achieve a more proportional representation of political parties in the legislature.
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What are compensatory mandates?
Compensatory mandates are policies or programs implemented by governments to address historical inequalities or disadvantages faced by certain groups. These mandates aim to provide additional resources, support, or opportunities to individuals or communities who have been marginalized or discriminated against in the past. Compensatory mandates are often used to promote social justice and equality by leveling the playing field and ensuring that everyone has access to the same opportunities for success.
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How are direct mandates simply explained?
Direct mandates are simply explained as instructions given by a principal to an agent to carry out specific tasks or make decisions on their behalf. This can include tasks such as making financial transactions, managing investments, or representing the principal in legal matters. Direct mandates are typically given in writing and outline the scope of the agent's authority and responsibilities. This type of mandate allows the principal to delegate certain tasks while retaining overall control and decision-making authority.
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What are overhang and leveling mandates?
Overhang mandates refer to regulations that limit the amount of shares that can be sold by existing shareholders in an initial public offering (IPO) to prevent a flood of shares entering the market and causing a drop in price. Leveling mandates, on the other hand, are regulations that require companies to disclose information about their financial performance and operations to ensure transparency and prevent fraud. Both overhang and leveling mandates are designed to protect investors and maintain the integrity of the financial markets.
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How can direct mandates be easily explained?
Direct mandates can be easily explained as instructions given by voters to their elected representatives on specific issues or policies. This means that constituents directly communicate their preferences to their representatives, guiding them on how to vote or act on certain matters. Direct mandates are a way for citizens to have a more direct influence on the decision-making process and hold their representatives accountable. By providing clear and specific instructions, direct mandates help ensure that elected officials accurately represent the will of the people.
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What are compensatory mandates in the Bundestag?
Compensatory mandates in the Bundestag refer to additional seats that are allocated to political parties in order to ensure proportionality in representation. This means that if a party receives more direct mandates in a federal state than it would be entitled to based on its share of the second votes, compensatory mandates are allocated to other parties to balance out the distribution of seats. This system helps to maintain fairness and accuracy in the representation of different political parties in the Bundestag.
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Is a probation condition that mandates work valid?
A probation condition that mandates work can be valid in certain circumstances. It may be imposed to help the individual reintegrate into society, develop job skills, and maintain financial stability. However, the condition must be reasonable and tailored to the individual's circumstances, taking into account factors such as their ability to work, availability of suitable employment, and any potential conflicts with other probation conditions. Additionally, the condition should not be overly burdensome or punitive in nature.
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Is a probation requirement that mandates work valid?
Probation requirements that mandate work can be valid, as they are often intended to help individuals reintegrate into society and develop job skills. However, the requirement must be reasonable and take into account the individual's circumstances, such as their ability to find suitable employment. Additionally, the requirement should not be overly burdensome or punitive, and should be tailored to the individual's needs and abilities. Overall, the validity of a probation requirement that mandates work depends on whether it is fair, reasonable, and serves the rehabilitative goals of the probation system.
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